双语科普丨地震预警系统的作用与原理
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6月17日22时55分,四川宜宾市长宁县发生6.0级地震。不少四川网友表示,有关部门成功预警本次地震,并通过户外广播等方式向公众发出预警提示。
什么叫地震预警?地震预警作用有多大?一起来看看吧~
6月17日22时55分,四川省宜宾市长宁县发生6.0级地震,成都高新减灾研究所(Institute of Care-life, Chengdu)与应急管理部门(原市县防震减灾部门)联合建设的大陆地震预警网成功预警本次地震,提前10秒向宜宾市预警,提前61秒向成都预警。
An early warning alarm system was triggered in the provincial capital Chengdu about one minute before the earthquake struck, Xinhua said. The alert rang 10 seconds before it hit Yibin.
震中附近宜宾、泸州、自贡、成都等地民众通过电视、手机、专用预警终端收到预警提示。
The system simultaneously sent a warning to government departments, communities and other places through various platforms, such as cellphones, television and other broadcasts.
据成都高新减灾研究所初步统计,四川省宜宾市、乐山市、成都市、凉山州、德阳市、眉山市、资阳市、雅安市、云南省昭通市等212所学校提前0秒至57秒发出预警,学校师生及时采取了避险措施,其中,成都市的180个学校提前收到预警。
此外,成都市101个社区提前57-68秒发出预警,市民及时进行了合理的避险。
People from 180 schools and 101 communities were evacuated after receiving the early warning.
▌滴滴声的含义
倒计时中插入两声“滴滴”:说明这是具有破坏性的地震,需赶紧逃跑或寻找狭小空间躲避。
只插入一声“滴”:说明这是有震感而无破坏性的地震,不要惊慌,避免摔倒。
倒计时之间无其他声音:说明这是几乎无震感的地震。
滴滴声示范视频,一起来学习↓↓↓
▌地震预警原理
预警和预报不同。
预报是震前预测;预警是指在震中正发生地震但还没有对其周边目标区域造成破坏前,利用电波比地震波快的原理,给目标区域提供几秒到几十秒的预警时间。
An earthquake warning system is a system of accelerometers, seismometers, communication, computers, and alarms that is devised for notifying adjoining regions of a substantial earthquake while it is in progress. This is not the same as earthquake prediction, which is currently incapable of producing decisive event warnings.
▌地震预警的减灾效果
已有理论研究表明,预警时间为3秒,可使人员伤亡比减少14%;如果为10秒,人员伤亡比减少39%;如果为20秒,可使人员伤亡比减少63%。
Earthquake research has found that being aware of an earthquake three seconds beforehand can save 14 percent of casualties, 10 seconds can save 39 percent of casualties, and 20 seconds can save 63 percent of casualties.
有了地震预警,我们就可以在横波到达地表前停止高速列车、将人员从电梯撤离、终止或保护关键仪器和设备等。
With the early warning system, high speed trains can be stopped; people can be evacuated from elevators; and important devices can be shut down before the transverse wave hits the ground.
但是,地震预警因为求“快”,所以对地震大小、震源等信息的判断不一定完全准确。因此学界至今仍对地震预警持不同意见,支持方认为它能有效避免损失,反对方则认为它需要长期的人力物力投入,效果却有限。
However, as the warning has to be fast, sometimes the system may make incorrect calculations on the magnitudes and focuses of earthquakes. Therefore the academia is holding different opinions toward the technology. Some believe it is able to avoid losses, while others hold that its effects are no match for its input.
据介绍,成都高新减灾研究所与应急管理部门(原市县地震部门)已联合建成全球最大的地震预警网,使我国成为继日本、墨西哥之后第三个具有地震预警能力的国家,覆盖我国地震区人口90%,已成功预警芦山7级地震、鲁甸6.5级地震、九寨沟7级地震等52次破坏性地震,无一误报。
2018年,首个地下云图网监测站(underground seismic network for earthquake monitoring)和传感设备,已在汶川县映秀地震台部署完成。
China in 2018 began using the world's first cloud image system based on sensory technology to release more timely and reliable earthquake warnings.
我国地震预警系统在误报率和响应速度均处于全球领先水平,响应速度仅6.2秒,比日本快30%。
▌地震预警的各种“破坏”
地震之所以可怕,除了其来势迅猛,猝不及防外,还因为它往往破坏力惊人。英语中,描述其破坏力的词,按由轻到重的次序大致有damage, destroy, devastate, shatter, level, flatten等等。
Damage是指“损害,破坏”,但不是特别严重,还可以修复的那种,比如:
Apart from hydropower projects, the earthquake damaged some power equipment manufacturers in Sichuan including Dongfang Electric in Hanwang in Deyang that was badly damaged when several buildings collapsed, causing several hundred deaths.
除了水电站,地震还破坏了四川的一些供电设施工厂,德阳市汉旺镇的东方电气受损严重,几栋建筑物倒塌,数百人死亡。
Destroy表示“完全破坏,消灭,摧毁,夺去人的生命”,被摧毁的物件不能再用。比如:
Disasters, such as the quake, that destroy lives somehow create a renewed sense of selfless compassion.
像地震这样的灾害,夺去人的生命,也激发出人们的无私情感。
Devastate也是表示“摧毁,破坏”,它比destroy的威力还要大、涵盖的面还要广,destroy 通常限定于某一地、某事物或是人,而devastate还可表示“情感上,精神上也遭破坏,整个系统的完全溃败”,比如:
She was devastated by the loss of her mother.
母亲的死击垮了她。
地震可以destroy我们,但不能devastate我们。
Shatter指“粉碎,砸碎,毁坏,毁灭”,比如在地震中那些破碎的玻璃和房屋:
All the glass and some of the buildings shattered when the earthquake hit the city.地震来袭的时候,所有的玻璃都震碎了,一些建筑物也损毁了。
Level和flatten的意思差不多,都是表示受害非常严重,“被夷为平地”,比如:
The quake leveled entire towns, flattening the simple adobe, brick structures and leaving nothing but rubble.地震夷平了整个城镇,摧毁了简易土坯房和砖结构建筑,只留下一片废墟。
我只是一条分割线
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